Biology

Department Overview

The Department of Biology at Salahaddin University-Erbil has a distinct history that dates back to its establishment in 1968 as part of the College of Science at the University of Sulaimani. The department, which initially provided specialized divisions in Botany and Zoology, relocated to Erbil in 1981 to become an essential department of Salahaddin University-Erbil. The department has undergone numerous structural changes over the years, and its current configuration, established in 2018, divides it into two sub-departments: general biology and biomedical sciences. Since 1976, the department has been a leader in postgraduate education, offering Ph.D. and M.Sc. programs in various biological disciplines and a comprehensive four-year Bachelor of Science program.

The department promotes an advanced understanding of molecular biology, genetics, physiology, and microbiology by integrating theoretical knowledge with practical experience through seminars, laboratory work, and lectures. The program of study is designed to provide graduates with the necessary skills for pursuing professions in academia, health care, research, and beyond.

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Head of department

Dr. Mohammed Ali Saleem

My research interests include molecular genetics, cytogenetics, and epigenetics. In 2004, I received a BSc in Biology from Salahaddin University-Erbil (SUE). Subsequently, I completed an MSc in Genetics in 2009 and a PhD in Molecular Genetics from SUE in 2024. The primary concern of my PhD research was the correlation between prostate cancer and repair genes. I applied various molecular techniques to investigate the impact of gene mutations and promoter methylation, an epigenetic mechanism, on the gene expression of repair genes. This offered valuable insights for developing new biomarkers and therapies for the disease.

From 2010 to 2014, I worked as an assistant lecturer at the College of Science. Then, I have been a lecturer at the same university since 2014. In addition, I acted as the biology department's rapporteur for seven years, from 2010 to 2016 and again from 2019 to 2020. In addition, I have been a member of the College of Science examination committee from 2010 to 2016, 2018 to 2019, and 2019 to 2020. Also, I was a member of the Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences editorial board at Salahaddin University-Erbil from 2018 to 2020, and I am very proud of this. Starting in 2022 and continuing to the present, I am the Head of the Biology Department.

Mission

The Department of Biology is dedicated to applying biological and biomedical sciences to serve the community, promote innovative research, and provide high-quality education. Our mission is to generate graduates deemed competent in applying theoretical knowledge and practical skills to tackle local and global obstacles in biology and health sciences, thereby promoting scientific progress and improving society.

Vision

To be a regional leader in biological sciences education and research, distinguished by academic excellence, innovation, and community engagement. The department intends to create an active scientific community that is conducive to environmental sustainability and societal well-being.

Learning Outcomes

Graduates from the Department of Biology will:

  1. Demonstrate an extensive knowledge of molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecological biological concepts.
  2. Apply critical thinking and problem-solving abilities to plan and carry out experiments, evaluate data, and achieve meaningful findings.
  3. Establish competency in laboratory procedures and apply contemporary biological equipment and technology.
  4. Adopt ethical standards in scientific research and professional activity.
  5. Effectively communicate scientific information to a varied audience verbally and in writing.
  6. Pursue a job in medical laboratories, research institutions, biotechnology corporations, or quality control centers, where you may help with disease diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and public health promotion.
  7. Engage in lifelong learning and adapt to novel scientific and technological advances in the biological sciences.
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Degree Program Overview

The Department of Biology provides undergraduate programs in biomedical sciences and general biology. These programs are intended to offer students a comprehensive biological and life sciences education, combining theoretical knowledge with extensive practical experience. Graduates can pursue advanced studies and meet the requirements of careers in academia, research, healthcare, biotechnology, and related fields.

General Biology Program

The general biology program provides in-depth knowledge of the fundamental principles of life sciences, with a special focus on molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecological biology, zoology, botany, microbiology, genetics, ecology, physiology, and biochemistry are among the varied subjects that students explore. The curriculum prioritizes the integration of theory and practice through research projects, field studies, and laboratory work. This program provides students with the necessary skills for exploring an extensive range of career opportunities, such as positions in environmental agencies, research institutions, education, and quality control laboratories.

Key features of the General Biology program include:
  • Core Courses in Zoology, Botany, Microbiology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry.
  • Elective courses allow students to specialize in specific areas of interest, such as toxic plants and tissue culture techniques.
  • Research Project in the final year to develop scientific investigation and data analysis skills.

Biomedical Sciences Program

The Biomedical Sciences program highlights the adoption of biological principles into the fields of healthcare and medicine. It includes essential fields: molecular biology, microbiology, medical bacteriology, immunology, hematology, and clinical chemistry. This program provides students with the necessary skills and knowledge for future careers in medical laboratories, healthcare facilities, biotechnology firms, and research organizations. It also provides a strong basis for individuals pursuing clinical research, medicine, or advanced biomedical studies  careers.

Key features of the Biomedical Sciences program include:
  • Core courses in medical bacteriology, genetics, molecular biology, immunology, and clinical laboratory techniques.
  • Elective courses to explore specialized fields like histopathology, toxicology, and bioinformatics.
  • Practical training in advanced laboratory techniques, diagnostic procedures, and biosafety protocols.
  • Research Project in the final year to enhance analytical and problem-solving skills.
 

Program Structure

Both degree programs are four-year, full-time Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) programs structured according to the European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System (ECTS). Each academic year is divided into two semesters, with students completing 30 ECTS credits per semester.

  • Years 1 and 2 focus on foundational courses in biology, chemistry, and essential skills (e.g., computer skills and academic writing).
  • Years 3 and 4 encompass electives, research projects, and specialized and advanced courses customized to each program.

Career Readiness and Development

The programs prioritize ethical practices in science, research skills, and practical experience. Students obtain advantages from:
  • Laboratory sessions that employ contemporary devices. • Opportunities for real-world experience through internships. • Academic advising and career services to facilitate employment or further education.
Graduates are well-prepared for careers in education, healthcare, research, environmental agencies, quality control laboratories, biotechnology, and pharmaceutical industries. The Department of Biology's commitment to academic excellence, innovation, and community engagement ensures that graduates are equipped to make meaningful contributions to scientific progress and societal well-being.

Postgraduate Studies

The Department of Biology at Salahaddin University-Erbil offers robust postgraduate programs to advance knowledge, foster research innovation, and develop specialized expertise in biological sciences.

Program Offerings

  1. Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Biology

    2. The M.Sc. program is designed to provide students with advanced theoretical knowledge and practical research skills in various biological disciplines. The program emphasizes coursework and research to prepare students for academic, industrial, or governmental careers in biology.

    Focus Areas:
    • Molecular Biology
    • Microbiology
    • Physiology
    • Zoology
    • Botany
    • Specialized Subfields

    ECTS Distribution:

    The program is structured to include 120 ECTS over two academic years:

    • Coursework (60 ECTS): Advanced topics in biology tailored to the student's area of specialization.
    • Research Thesis (60 ECTS): An independent research project culminating in a thesis defense.

    Learning Outcomes:

    Graduates of the M.Sc. program will:

    1. Demonstrate advanced knowledge in their chosen field of biology.
    2. Design, conduct, and analyze biological research using appropriate methodologies.
    3. Communicate scientific findings effectively in written and oral formats.
    4. Apply critical thinking to address biological problems.
    5. Work independently and collaboratively in research settings.
  2. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Biology

    3. The Ph.D. program focuses on original research contributions to the field of biology, aiming to develop experts capable of advancing biological sciences through innovative and impactful research.

    Specialization Areas:

    Students work closely with faculty mentors to focus on a specific research area within biology, such as genetics, ecology, or biochemistry.

    ECTS Distribution:

    The Ph.D. program requires 180 ECTS, typically completed over three to four years:

    • Advanced Coursework (30 ECTS): Topics tailored to support the research project.
    • Research and Dissertation (150 ECTS): Original research culminating in a dissertation and defense.
    Learning Outcomes:

    Graduates of the Ph.D. program will:

    1. Conduct independent, original research that contributes to the body of knowledge in biology.
    2. Demonstrate expertise in a specialized area of biology.
    3. Publish research findings in peer-reviewed journals.
    4. Exhibit advanced problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.
    5. Lead research projects and mentor junior researchers.
    Admission Requirements M.Sc. Program
    • Bachelor’s degree in biology or a closely related field.
    • Minimum academic performance by university regulations.
    • Proficiency in English (demonstrated through tests like IELTS or TOEFL).
    • Successful performance in the entrance exam and interview.
    Ph.D. Program
    • Master’s degree in biology or a related discipline.
    • Proven research experience, preferably with publications in scientific journals.
    • Submission of a detailed research proposal aligned with the department’s expertise.
    • Proficiency in English (demonstrated through tests like IELTS or TOEFL).
    • Successful performance in the entrance exam and interview.
    Research and Facilities

    The department has modern laboratories, research tools, and computational resources to support postgraduate students’ academic journeys. Collaborative opportunities with national and international institutions are also available, encouraging interdisciplinary research and innovation.

    The postgraduate programs are designed to empower students to become leaders in their respective fields, whether in academia, industry, or public service and contribute meaningfully to advancing biological sciences.

Program learning outcome

Graduates from the Department of Biology at Salahaddin University-Erbil will achieve the following learning outcomes upon successful completion of the General Biology or Biomedical Science programs:

  1. Comprehensive Knowledge Demonstrate extensive understanding of core biological concepts, including molecular biology, genetics, physiology, microbiology, botany, and zoology. This includes knowledge of living organisms’ structure, function, and interactions at molecular, cellular, organismal, and ecological levels.
  2. Critical Thinking and Problem-Solving Apply critical thinking skills and scientific reasoning to design experiments, collect and analyze data, and interpret findings. Graduates will be capable of solving biological problems and contributing to new scientific discoveries.
  3. Laboratory and Technical Proficiency Establish competency in laboratory procedures, including using contemporary biological instruments and technologies. This includes techniques in microbiology, molecular biology, genetics, histology, and biochemistry, ensuring readiness for research and professional practice.
  4. Ethical and Professional Conduct Uphold ethical standards and integrity in scientific research, laboratory work, and professional activities. Graduates will understand biosafety and biosecurity principles and apply them responsibly.
  5. Effective Communication Effectively communicate scientific information, findings, and concepts to diverse audiences through verbal presentations, scientific writing, and visual data representation. This includes writing research reports and presenting findings in professional settings.
  6. Career Readiness Pursue careers in medical laboratories, research institutions, pharmaceutical companies, quality control centers, and educational settings. Graduates will be equipped to contribute to disease diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and public health promotion.
  7. Lifelong Learning and Adaptability Engage in lifelong learning to stay current with advances in biological sciences and emerging technologies. Graduates will demonstrate adaptability to new scientific methods and concepts, fostering continuous professional development.
  8. Research Skills Conduct independent research and contribute to scientific progress by formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and analyzing results. Graduates will be prepared to pursue advanced studies or research-focused careers.

By achieving these outcomes, graduates from the Department of Biology will be well-prepared to address biological and health-related challenges, advance scientific knowledge, and serve their communities effectively.

The General Biology and Biomedical Science programs of the Department of Biology provide extensive courses. Each course is constructed to provide students with practical skills and a comprehensive understanding of various biological disciplines. Following is an in-depth list of the courses that are available in both programs:

General Biology Program First Semester
  • SBG101 – Zoology I (9 ECTS) Study of animal classification, morphology, and physiology with lab practices.
  • SBG102 – Botany I (6 ECTS) Introduction to plant structure, growth, and function with practical sessions.
  • SBG103 – Organic Chemistry (6 ECTS) Fundamentals of organic molecules and reactions relevant to biological systems.
  • SU1001 – Computer Skills (3 ECTS) Basic computer applications and software tools for academic purposes.
  • SU1003 – Kurdish Studies (3 ECTS) Study of Kurdish history, culture, and language.
  • SU1004 – English for University Students (3 ECTS) Development of academic English skills.
Second Semester
  • SBG201 – Zoology II (6 ECTS) Continuation of animal classification and physiology with emphasis on diversity.
  • SBG202 – Botany II (6 ECTS) Advanced concepts in plant physiology and taxonomy.
  • SBG203 – Analytical Chemistry (6 ECTS) Techniques for analyzing biological samples and chemical compounds.
  • SBG204 – Biosafety and Biosecurity (3 ECTS) Safety practices in biological research and laboratory settings.
  • SU1002 – Academic Skills (6 ECTS) Academic writing, critical reading, and research skills.
  • SU1005 – English for Specific Purposes (3 ECTS) Discipline-specific English terminology and communication skills.
Third Semester
  • SBG301 – Microbiology I (Core) (6 ECTS) Introduction to microorganisms and their roles in health and environment.
  • SBG302 – Biochemistry I (Core) (6 ECTS) Study of biomolecules and metabolic pathways.
  • SBG303 – Cell Biology (Core) (6 ECTS) Structure and function of cells, organelles, and cellular processes.
  • SBG304 – Plant Anatomy (Core) (6 ECTS) Study of plant tissues and their organization.
  • SBG305 – Invertebrates or Venomous Invertebrates (Elective 1) (3 ECTS) Exploration of invertebrate diversity and venomous species.
  • SBG306 – Algae or Phycology (Elective 2) (3 ECTS) Study of algae types, ecology, and applications.
Fourth Semester
  • SBG401 – Microbiology II (Core) (6 ECTS) Advanced study of microorganisms and infectious diseases.
  • SBG402 – Biochemistry II (Core) (6 ECTS) Continuation of metabolic processes and biochemical analysis.
  • SBG403 – Parasitology (Core) (6 ECTS) Study of parasites affecting humans and animals.
  • SBG404 – Plant Taxonomy (Core) (6 ECTS) Classification and identification of plant species.
  • SBG405 – Microtechniques or Tissue Culture Technique (Elective 1) (3 ECTS) Laboratory methods for preparing and studying biological samples.
  • SBG406 – Archegoniate or Toxic Plants (Elective 2) (3 ECTS) Study of higher plants or toxic plant species.
Fifth Semester
  • SBG501 – Histology (3 Units) Study of tissues and microscopic anatomy.
  • SBG502 – Entomology (3 Units) Study of insects, their classification, and ecological roles.
  • SBG503 – Animal Physiology I (3 Units) Functions of animal organ systems.
  • SBG504 – Ecology (3 Units) Interactions between organisms and their environment.
  • SBG505 – Virology (3 Units) Study of viruses and their impact on living organisms.
  • SBG506 – Epidemiology (Elective) (3 Units) Patterns and control of diseases in populations.
Sixth Semester
  • SBG601 – Embryology (3 Units) Development of embryos and early life stages.
  • SBG602 – Animal Physiology II (3 Units) Continuation of animal physiology, focusing on advanced topics.
  • SBG603 – Mycology (3 Units) Study of fungi, including taxonomy and pathology.
  • SBG604 – Molecular Biology (3 Units) Genetic mechanisms and molecular processes.
  • SBG605 – Microbial Physiology (3 Units) Study of microbial growth and metabolism.
  • SBG606 – Pollution (Elective) (3 Units) Environmental pollution and its biological impact.
Seventh Semester
  • SBG701 – Food Microbiology (3 Units) Microorganisms in food production and safety.
  • SBG702 – Medical Bacteriology I (3 Units) Pathogenic bacteria and disease mechanisms.
  • SBG703 – Hematology (3 Units) Study of blood cells and disorders.
  • SBG704 – Genetics (3 Units) Principles of inheritance and genetic variation.
  • SBG705 – Comparative Anatomy (3 Units) Comparative study of vertebrate anatomy.
  • SBG706 – Diagnostic Parasitology (Elective) (3 Units) Techniques for diagnosing parasitic infections.
  • SBG707 – Research Project (2 Units) Independent research under faculty supervision.
Eighth Semester
  • SBG801 – Plant Physiology (3 Units) Processes in plant growth and function.
  • SBG802 – Medical Bacteriology II (3 Units) Continuation of bacterial diseases and diagnostics.
  • SBG803 – Immunology (3 Units) The immune system and its functions.
  • SBG804 – Microbial Genetics (3 Units) Genetics of microorganisms and genetic engineering.
  • SBG805 – Industrial Microbiology (3 Units) Microbial applications in industry.
  • SBG806 – Bioinformatics (Elective) (3 Units) Analysis of biological data using computational tools.
  • SBG807 – Research Project (2 Units) Completion and presentation of research findings.
Biomedical Science Program The Biomedical Science program is designed to provide students with a deep understanding of the biological sciences related to human health and disease. The following is a detailed course catalog covering each semester of the program.   First Semester
  • SBM101 – Zoology I (9 ECTS) Introduction to animal biology, focusing on classification, anatomy, physiology, and behavior of invertebrates and vertebrates. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM102 – Botany I (6 ECTS) Fundamental concepts in plant biology, including morphology, physiology, and taxonomy. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM103 – Organic Chemistry (6 ECTS) Basics of organic compounds, including structure, reactions, and mechanisms relevant to biological systems. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SU1001 – Computer Skills (3 ECTS) Introduction to essential computer applications, data management, and scientific software. Hours/Week: 1 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SU1003 – Kurdish Studies (3 ECTS) An overview of Kurdish history, language, and culture. Hours/Week: 2 Theory
  • SU1004 – English for University Students (3 ECTS) Basic English language skills for academic purposes. Hours/Week: 2 Theory
Second Semester
  • SBM201 – Zoology II (6 ECTS) Advanced study of animal diversity, focusing on the physiology and development of various animal groups. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM202 – Botany II (6 ECTS) Continuation of Botany I, covering plant reproduction, growth, and ecological interactions. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM203 – Analytical Chemistry (6 ECTS) Principles of chemical analysis, including qualitative and quantitative techniques. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM204 – Biosafety and Biosecurity (3 ECTS) Fundamentals of laboratory safety, handling biological materials, and risk management. Hours/Week: 2 Theory
  • SU1002 – Academic Skills (6 ECTS) Development of research, writing, and presentation skills for academic success. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SU1005 – English for Specific Purposes (3 ECTS) Specialized English for scientific and biomedical contexts. Hours/Week: 2 Theory
Third Semester
  • SBM301 – Microbiology I (Core) (6 ECTS) Introduction to microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and their roles in health and disease. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM302 – Biochemistry I (Core) (6 ECTS) Structure and function of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM303 – Cell Biology (Core) (6 ECTS) Study of cellular structure, function, and processes such as signaling and division. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM304 – Medical Protozoology (Core) (6 ECTS) Study of medically significant protozoa, their life cycles, and pathogenicity. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM305 – Histology or Histopathology (Elective 1) (3 ECTS) Option 1: Histology – Study of normal tissues and their microscopic structure. Option 2: Histopathology – Study of tissue abnormalities and disease pathology. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM306 – Human Anatomy or Anatomy of Laboratory Animals (Elective 2) (3 ECTS) Option 1: Human Anatomy – Overview of human body systems and structures. Option 2: Anatomy of Laboratory Animals – Comparative anatomy relevant to research models. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
Fourth Semester
  • SBM401 – Microbiology II (Core) (6 ECTS) Advanced topics in microbial physiology, genetics, and host-pathogen interactions. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM402 – Biochemistry II (Core) (6 ECTS) Metabolic pathways, enzymology, and biochemical regulation mechanisms. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM403 – Genetics (Core) (6 ECTS) Principles of inheritance, gene expression, and genetic variation. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM404 – Medical Helminthology (Core) (6 ECTS) Study of parasitic worms, their life cycles, and diseases they cause. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM405 – Human Embryology or Developmental Biology (Elective 1) (3 ECTS) Option 1: Human Embryology – Study of human development from fertilization to birth. Option 2: Developmental Biology – Mechanisms of growth and differentiation in organisms. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
  • SBM406 – Medical Physics or Biophysics (Elective 2) (3 ECTS) Option 1: Medical Physics – Physical principles applied to medical diagnostics and treatment. Option 2: Biophysics – Study of biological processes using physical methods. Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical
Fifth Semester
  1. SBM501 – Molecular Biology I Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical This course covers the fundamental principles of molecular biology, including DNA structure, replication, transcription, translation, and gene regulation. Laboratory sessions focus on techniques such as DNA extraction, PCR, and gel electrophoresis.
  2. SBM502 – Hematology I Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Introduction to blood cell physiology, hematopoiesis, and the morphology of blood components. Practical work includes blood smear preparation, staining, and analysis of normal and abnormal cells.
  3. SBM503 – Basics Immunology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical This course covers the immune system's components and functions, including innate and adaptive immunity, antigens, antibodies, and immune responses. Laboratory activities include serological tests and immunological assays.
  4. SBM504 – Medical Mycology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of medically significant fungi, including their identification, pathogenicity, and treatment. Practical work involves culturing and identifying fungal species associated with human disease.
  5. SBM505 – Basics Physiology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Introduction to human physiological processes, including homeostasis, nervous, and major organ systems. Laboratory exercises focus on measuring physiological parameters.
  6. SBM506 – Pharmacology (Elective) Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 3 Theory Covers the principles of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics, drug classifications, mechanisms of action, and therapeutic uses.
Sixth Semester
  1. SBM601 – Molecular Biology II Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Advanced molecular biology topics include gene expression regulation, epigenetics, and recombinant DNA technology. Practical sessions involve cloning and gene expression analysis.
  2. SBM602 – Hematology II Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Continuation of Hematology I, covering hematological disorders, anemia, leukemias, and coagulation pathways. Practical work includes diagnostic techniques for blood disorders.
  3. SBM603 – Medical Immunology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Focus on immune system dysfunctions, autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and immunotherapy. Laboratory sessions involve advanced immunological assays.
  4. SBM604 – Medical Virology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of viruses affecting humans, including their structure, replication, pathogenesis, and laboratory diagnosis. Practical work includes virus culture techniques and diagnostic assays.
  5. SBM605 – Medical Physiology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical In-depth study of human organ systems, focusing on disease-related physiological changes. Laboratory work includes physiological measurements and functional assessments.
  6. SBM606 – Microtechnique (Elective) Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Introduction to tissue preparation techniques, including fixation, embedding, sectioning, and staining. Practical sessions involve histological slide preparation and microscopic analysis.
Seventh Semester
  1. SBM701 – Medical Bacteriology I Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of pathogenic bacteria, their identification, and clinical significance. Laboratory work includes culturing, staining, and antibiotic susceptibility testing.
  2. SBM702 – Biotechnology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Covers the applications of biotechnology in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Practical sessions focus on DNA cloning, genetic engineering, and biotechnological techniques.
  3. SBM703 – Clinical Chemistry Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Principles and methods for analyzing body fluids for diagnostic purposes. Laboratory work includes assays for glucose, cholesterol, liver enzymes, and electrolytes.
  4. SBM704 – Instrumental Analysis Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of analytical instruments used in biomedical laboratories, such as spectrophotometers, chromatographs, and electrophoresis units. Practical sessions focus on instrument operation and data interpretation.
  5. SBM705 – Toxicology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Introduction to the principles of toxicology, including mechanisms of toxicity, poison detection, and treatment. Laboratory work includes toxin analysis in biological samples.
  6. SBM706 – Bioinformatics (Elective) Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 3 Theory Covers computational tools for analyzing biological data, such as DNA sequences and protein structures. Practical sessions involve using bioinformatics software for sequence analysis.
  7. SBM707 – Research Project Units: 2 | Hours/Week: 1 Theory, 2 Practical Students undertake an independent research project, including experimental design, data collection, analysis, and presentation of results.
Eighth Semester
  1. SBM801 – Medical Bacteriology II Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Advanced study of bacterial infections, their clinical manifestations, and diagnostic techniques. Practical work focuses on identifying clinical isolates.
  2. SBM802 – Endocrinology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of the endocrine system, hormone functions, and disorders. Laboratory sessions include hormone assays and diagnostic techniques.
  3. SBM803 – Clinical Laboratory Techniques Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Covers essential diagnostic techniques in clinical laboratories, including hematological, biochemical, and microbiological assays.
  4. SBM804 – Cytogenetics Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of chromosome structure, function, and abnormalities. Practical work includes karyotyping and chromosome analysis techniques.
  5. SBM805 – Epidemiology Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 3 Theory Introduction to disease distribution, determinants, and prevention strategies. Focus on public health practices and data interpretation.
  6. SBM806 – Food Microbiology (Elective) Units: 3 | Hours/Week: 2 Theory, 2 Practical Study of microorganisms in food, food spoilage, and safety. Laboratory work includes food sample analysis and contamination detection.
  7. SBM807 – Research Project Units: 2 | Hours/Week: 2 Practical Continuation and completion of the independent research project, culminating in a written thesis and oral presentation.

Admissions

The Department of Biology offers two types of study options for prospective students, ensuring accessibility and flexibility based on individual circumstances:

 
  1. Zankoline (government-funded) Study
  • Description: This option provides free tuition for students who meet the eligibility criteria and are accepted through the general centralized admission system, known as "Zancoline."
  • Eligibility:
    • Applicants must meet the academic requirements of the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research.
    • Selection is competitive and based on high school scores, particularly in scientific subjects.
  • Benefits:
    • Exemption from tuition fees.
    • Access to complete university services and facilities.
  1. Parallel Study (Self-Funded)
  • Description: This option allows students who do not secure a Zankoline seat to pursue their studies by paying a tuition fee.
  • Tuition Fee: 3,000,000 IQD per year.
  • Eligibility:
    • Students must meet the minimum academic requirements for admission to the Biology program.
    • This option provides additional opportunities for students to catch up on the Zankoline criteria.
  • Benefits:
    • Access to the same high-quality education, resources, and facilities as Zancoline students.
    • Students can pursue their academic goals without being limited by centralized admission quotas.
 

Admission Requirements for Both Tracks

  1. Academic Qualifications:
    • Completion of high school with a focus on the science track (biology, chemistry, and physics).
    • Minimum GPA as determined by the Ministry of Higher Education.
  2. Application Process:
    • Apply through the centralized admission system for Zankoline
    • Submit required documents, including transcripts, identification, and certificates.
  3. Language Proficiency:
    • Basic proficiency in English, as several courses are delivered in English.
    • Kurdish language proficiency is also beneficial.

Graduate Employability

The Department of Biology is committed to equipping graduates at all levels, “Bachelor’s, Master’s, and Doctorate,” with the knowledge, skills, and experiences necessary to thrive in diverse career paths. Our graduates are well-prepared for opportunities in academia, industry, government, and beyond, with a focus on contributing to scientific advancement and societal development.

  1. Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) in Biology

    2. Graduates of the B.Sc. program possess foundational knowledge and practical skills that open doors to a variety of career opportunities:

    Career Paths:
    1. Medical and Diagnostic Laboratories: Assisting in disease diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and health promotion.
    2. Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Companies: Roles in research, quality control, and production.
    3. Environmental and Conservation Organizations: Contributing to biodiversity, ecological management, and sustainability projects.
    4. Quality Control and Food Safety: Ensuring compliance with safety standards in food production and industrial processes.
    5. Education: Teaching biology at secondary schools or training centers.
    6. Government and NGOs: Roles in health departments, environmental agencies, or research initiatives.
    Skills for Employability:
    • Laboratory competency with modern techniques and tools.
    • Analytical and problem-solving abilities for addressing biological challenges.
    • Effective communication for scientific and public engagement.
  2. Master of Science (M.Sc.) in Biology

    3. M.Sc. graduates are highly sought after for specialized roles requiring advanced expertise and research experience:

    Career Paths:
    1. Research Institutions: Conducting applied or fundamental research in biology.
    2. Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industries: Leading roles in research and development, drug discovery, and genetic engineering.
    3. Higher Education: Teaching at universities or supervising undergraduate research.
    4. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratories: Developing and applying advanced diagnostic tools and techniques.
    5. Environmental Agencies: Leading conservation projects or conducting environmental impact assessments.
    6. Science Communication: Working in scientific publishing, journalism, or outreach programs.
    Skills for Employability:
    • Advanced problem-solving and critical-thinking skills.
    • Proficiency in designing, conducting, and analyzing research.
    • Ability to lead projects and collaborate across disciplines.
  3. Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Biology

    4. Ph.D. graduates are distinguished by their expertise, critical thinking, and capacity for innovation. They are well-prepared to take on academia, research, and industry leadership roles.

    Career Paths:
    1. Academia: Professorships, research supervision, and curriculum development.
    2. Industry Leadership: Roles as senior scientists or directors in biotech, pharmaceutical, and biomedical companies.
    3. Government and Policy: Shaping health, environment, and education policies.
    4. Research Institutions: Leading cutting-edge research projects with significant societal impact.
    5. Global Organizations: Contributing to international health, conservation, or scientific initiatives (e.g., WHO, UNESCO).
    6. Entrepreneurship: Founding biotech startups or consulting firms.
    Skills for Employability:
    • Mastery of specialized research techniques and methodologies.
    • Ability to publish high-impact scientific findings.
    • Leadership in interdisciplinary and collaborative projects.
    • Strategic thinking for problem-solving at organizational and societal levels.
Research Papers:
  • AALI, M. H., QADER, G. M., AL-ATTAR, M. S., RAJAB, M. F. & SHEHKA, M. S. 2020. Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 and glutathione S-transferase theta 1 genes polymorphism and susceptibility to chronic myeloid leukemia in Erbil-Iraq Kurdistan Region. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 32, 54-59.
  • ABDALFATAH, M. F., SHAREEF, A. A., SALEH, L. S., RAJAB, M. F., SMAIL, S. W., ABDULLA, S. S., AWLA, H. K., ISHAAC, R. H., IBRAHIM, K. S., AHMED, M. J., KAKASUR, F. A. & RASUL, K. H. 2025. The Association of VDR/FokI Gene Polymorphism and Protein Expression With Histopathological Alterations in Patients With Thyroid Colloid Nodule. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst), 2025, 6796922.
  • ABDALFATAH, M. F., SHAREEF, A. A., SALEH, L. S., RAJAB, M. F., SMAIL, S. W., ABDULLA, S. S., AWLA, H. K., ISHAAC, R. H., IBRAHIM, K. S., AHMED, M. J., KAKASUR, F. A. & RASUL, K. H. 2025. The Association of VDR/FokI Gene Polymorphism and Protein Expression With Histopathological Alterations in Patients With Thyroid Colloid Nodule. Analytical Cellular Pathology, 2025, 6796922. doi.org/10.1155/ancp/6796922
  • ABDALFATAH, M. F., SHAREEF, A. A., SALEH, L. S., RAJAB, M. F., SMAIL, S. W., ABDULLA, S. S., AWLA, H. K., ISHAAC, R. H., IBRAHIM, K. S. & AHMED, M. J. 2025. The Association of VDR/FokI Gene Polymorphism and Protein Expression With Histopathological Alterations in Patients With Thyroid Colloid Nodule. Analytical Cellular Pathology, 2025, 6796922.
  • ABDULLAH, B. S., KHAILANY, R. A., MUHAMMAD, H. H. & HAMAD, M. I. 2017. Molecular Identification and Evolutionary Relationship of the New Record Callistethus sp. 7VF-2014 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Reutelinae) in North of Iraq. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 10.
  • ABDULLAH, T. A. & OTHMAN, H. K. 2019. Protective Effects of Omega3 on CCl 4-Induced Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity in Female Albino Rats. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10.
  • ABDULLAH, T. A. & OTHMAN, H. K. 2020. Effects of a high protein intake on kidney function and acid excretion in bodybuilders. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24.
  • ABDULRAHMAN, A. S. & MUSTAFA, I. A. 2019. Impact of bicalutamide, an anti-androgen on rat testis. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences. 
  • ABDULRAHMAN, A. S. & MUSTAFA, I. A. 2024. Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity Provoked by an Anti-Androgen Drug (Bicalutamide) in Rat. 5th International Conference on Biomedical and Health Sciences, (CIC-BIOHS’2024)
  • ABDULRAHMAN, A. S., ABDULQADIR, S. Z.  MUSTAFA I. A. 2025. Protective Roles of Green Extract Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Monosodium Glutamate-Induced Hepatotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity in Female Rats. Journal of Education and Science, (45-56).
  • ABDULRAHMAN, A. S., RASUL, K. H., MUSTAFA, I. A. & ABDULQADIR, S. Z. 2025. In vitro anti-cancer potentiality of quince and dandelion leaves extract against leukemia cell lines and database retrieval expression of BCR ABL and TCR genes in leukemia. Immunopathologia Persa. 10.34172/ipp.2025.41730
  • ABDULRAHMAN, A. S., RASUL, K. H., MUSTAFA, I. A. & ABDULQADIR, S. Z. 2025. In vitro anti-cancer potentiality of quince and dandelion leaves extract against leukemia cell lines and database retrieval expression of BCR ABL and TCR genes in leukemia. Immunopathologia Persa.
  • ABDULWAHID, M. J. & AL-ATTAR, M. S. 2022. Cytogenetic Investigations and Y-Chromosome Microdeletion Screening in some Infertile Kurdish males In Erbil province/Iraq. Baghdad Science Journal, 19, 1155-1155.
  • ABDULWAHID, M. J. & AL-ATTAR, M. S. Comparison of Real Time PCR and Gel-based PCR for the Diagnosis of Y Chromosome microdeletions in infertile azoospermia males.
  • ABDULWAHID, M. J. 2016. Molecular Identification of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency in Erbil Province/Iraq, Using PCR/RFLP Technique. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 28.
  • ABDULWAHID, M. J. 2023. Association of the ABCB1 gene polymorphism and infertility in azoospermia males in Iraqi Kurdish population. Polytechnic Journal, 13, 5.
  • ABDULWAHID, M. J., AL-ATTAR, M. S., ABDULWAHID-KURDI, S. J. & MOHAMMAD, K. A. 2023. DNA mismatch repair MLH1 gene polymorphism and infertility in azoospermia males in Iraqi Kurdish population. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 35, 79-84.
  • ABDULWAHID-KURDI, S. J., ABDULWAHID, M. J., MAGAJI, U., AGHWAN, Z. A., ATAN, R. & HAMADAMIN, K. A. 2023a. Medicinal plants used in Soran district Kurdistan region of Iraq, an ethnobotanicals study. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacognosy Research, 11, 1-32.
  • ABDULWAHID-KURDI, S. J., KHALID, K. M., ABDULWAHID, M. J. & SARDAR, A. S. 2023b. Assessment of heavy metals accumulation in Celtis tournefortii Lam and Prosopis farcta from Mazne subdistrict, Kurdistan region of Iraq.
  • AHMED, A. A., HASSAN, P. A., ISMAEIL, A. S. & ALI, S. B. 2023. Weakening of Virulence Factors and Biofilm in Salmonella Typhi by Medicinal Plants Extracts. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 16, 1631-1639.
  • AHMED, A. A., HASSAN, P. A., ISMAEIL, A. S. & ALI, S. B. 2023. Weakening of Virulence Factors and Biofilm in Salmonella Typhi by Medicinal Plants Extracts. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 16, 1631-1639.
  • AHMED, A. A., HASSAN, P. A., ISMAEIL, A. S. & ALI, S. B. 2023. Weakening of Virulence Factors and Biofilm in Salmonella Typhi by Medicinal Plants Extracts. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal, 16, 1631-1639.
  • AHMED, A. I. & FATHULLA, C. N. 2019. Histopathological and Morphological Studies Of Root Knot Nematode Meloidogyne sp. On Turfgrass (Cynodon dactylon). Plant Archives, 19, 3279-3282.
  • Ahmed, Akhter & Hassan, Pakhshan & Ismaeil, Abdulilah & Burhan, Shahnaz. (2023). Weakening of Virulence Factors and Biofilm in Salmonella Typhi by Medicinal Plants Extracts. Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal. 16. 1631-1639. 10.13005/bpj/2740.
  • AHMED, C.N., HAMAD, K.K. & QADIR, F.A. 2019. Haemonchus contortus as a model in assessing activity of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract to control benzimidazole-resistant parasitic nematodes. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 31, 61–70.
  • AHMED, C.N., KOYEE, Q.M., KANABE, L.O., FARAJ, A.M. & RAHEMO, Z.I. 2024. Detection of parasites in locally sourced fresh fruits and vegetables using various diagnostic techniques. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 36, 12–23.
  • AHMED, F. S. H. & T., S. 2017. First record of Galeodes caspius subfuscus Birula1937 (Solifugae, Galeodidae) in Iraq with additional notes on Rhagodixa kurdistanica, Birula 1936 (Solifugae, Rhagodidae). ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 29.
  • AHMED, S. T. & HUSSEN, F. S. 2017. First record of two Scolopendromorph centipedes; Scolopendra subspinipes Leach,(1815) and Scolopendra polymorpha Wood,(1861) with additional notes on Scolopendra cingulata Latreille,(1829) in Iraq. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 28, 174-182.
  • ALA, J. S., I (2024). "Effect of Methanol Extract and Crud Alkaloids of Cloves Syzygium Aromaticum on Staphylococcus aureus and E coli  Isolated from Vaginitis .AFJBS.6.2024.3902-3917.
  • AL-BARZINGY, Y., GORAN, S. AND TOMA, J., 2009. An ecological study on water to some thermal springs in Koya-Erbil province, Iraq. Journal of Education and Science, 22(3), pp.36-0.
  • AL-BARZINGY, Y.O.M., 2018. Water quality assessment for Duhok reservoir. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 30(6), pp.66-71.
  • AL-DABBAGH, S. T. S. & FATHULLA, C. N. 2022. A Phenetic Study of the Native Species of the Family Fabaceae Lindl. in Iraq. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 34, 43-52.
  • ALI, K. A., MAULOOD, P. M., AMIN, S. A. & REGION-IRAQ, K. The Allelopathic Effect of Aqueous Extracts of Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) on Soft Wheat’s Some Germination and Growth Characteristics.
  • ALI, K., MAULOOD, P., AMIN, S., AL-BARZINGY, Y. & SHEKHA, Y. The Allelopathic Potential of some Lower Plants on Growth, and Yield of Wheat Plants.  IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 2023. IOP Publishing, 012040.
  • ALI, S. B., PERDAWOOD, D., ABDULRAHMAN, R., AL FARRAJ, D. A. & ALKUBAISI, N. A. 2020. Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for urinary tract infection in women at reproductive age. Saudi Journal of biological sciences, 27, 2942-2947.
  • ALI, W. K. & MOHAMMED, H. H. 2013. Toxic effect of some plant extracts on the mortality of flour beetle Tribolium confusum (Duval)(Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Entomol Ornithol Herpetol, 2, 2161-0983.1000115.
  • AL-IRAQI, R.A. and MUHAMMED, S.H., 2010. THE RESIDUAL TOXICITY OF ACTARA AND DECIRIN INSECTICIDES TO ADULTS OF STINK BUG Apodiphus amygdali (Germar) (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE). Mesopotamia Journal of Agriculture, 38
  • AL-KHAZALI, A. M., KACHEL, H. S., ZAMANI, A. & HUSSEN, F. S. 2023. An updated and annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of Iraq. Zootaxa, 5339, 132-158.
  • AL-OTRAQCHE, F. D. Y., FATHULLA, C. N. & AL-DABBAGH, S. T. S. 2022. Foliar and stem anatomy structures in selected taxa of the genus Ononis L. (Fabaceae) in Kurdistan Region – Iraq. Journal of University of Duhok (Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences), 25, 279-285.
  • Al-Qadisiyah Journal For Agriculture Sciences, 13, 97-104
  • AMIN, A.H. and MUHAMMED, S.H., 2008. SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF MEALY PLUM APHID, Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) AND ITS NATURAL ENEMIES ON SOME STONE FRUIT TREES IN ERBIL CITY, Kurdistan region, Iraq.cabidigitallibrary.org
  • AMIN, O. A. H., MIRZA, R. R., HUSSEIN, H. A., KHUDHUR, Z. O., AWLA, H. K. & SMAIL, S. W. 2024. Journey into the Esophageal Complications: Decoding Systemic Sclerosis with Cutting-Edge Endoscopy, Manometry, and Ambulatory pH-Study. Int J Gen Med, 17, 1823-1831.
  • AMIN, S. A., FATHULLAH, C. N. & MAOULOOD, P. M. 2015a. Morphological and anatomical responses of four wheat cultivars to water stress. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 27, 41-48.
  • AMIN, S. A., FATHULLAH, C. N. & MAOULOOD, P. M. Morphological and anatomical responses of four wheat cultivars to water stress.
  • AMIN, S. A., NAJMADDIN, C. & MAOULOOD, P. M. 2015b. Morphological and anatomical responses of four wheat cultivars to water stress. Zanco Journal of pure and Applied sciences, 27, 1-11.
  • AMIRI, M., PRENDINI, L., HUSSEN, F. S., ALIABADIAN, M., SIAHSARVIE, R. & MIRSHAMSI, O. 2024. Integrative systematics of the widespread Middle Eastern buthid scorpion, Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880), reveals a new species in Iran. Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny, 82, 323-341.
  • ASHRAF NAJEEB, K. & FIKRY ALI, Q. 2023. Role of vitamin D and some immunological markers in polycystic ovarian syndrome. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 35, 103-109.
  • AWLA, H. K. & SALEH, L. S. 2023. The Association of Age and Gender with the Histopathological Features among Thyroid Cancer Patients in Erbil City, Iraq: Clinical Analysis of 153 Cases. Iraqi Journal of Science, 64, 5554-5563.
  • AZHAR, A.-K., HUSSEN, F., KACHEL, H., ISMAIL, N. & AHMED, A. 2021. Three New and Two Confirmed Records for the Iraqi Spider Fauna (Arachnida: Araneae). Commagene Journal of Biology, 5, 204-207.
  • AZIZ, K. J., BARWARY, L. T. O. A.-., ISSA, N. A. & ABDULWAHID, M. J. 2025. Prevalence of Theileria Equi and Babesia Caballi and Associated Hemato-Biochemical Changes in Racing Horses in Erbil Province, Iraq. Acta Parasitologica, 70, 38.
  • BAKR, B. K. & SAEED, J. F. 2014. A Chemo Taxonomical Study of Two Genera Scandix L. and Smyrnium L. of (Apiaceae) in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 26, 11-20.
  • BAKR, B. K., FATHULLA, C. N. & SAEED, J. F. 2017. Anatomical and Palynological studies of three species of Gladiolus L. of Family Iridaceae. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 29, 119-125.
  • DANIEL JABLONSKI, S. I. M., DARYA MOHAMMED AZEEZ, SAMAN R AFRASIAB 2023/11/9. The genus Blanus (Reptilia: Blanidae) in Iraq: distribution, species identification and genetic affiliation. Zootaxa, 5369, 292-296.
  • DARYA M AZEEZ, S. I. M., KAWA M HASSAN, ABBAS SALIHI 2023/9/30. Investigating the interplay of hematological parameters, CD markers, genetic polymorphisms, and database mutations in the IL15 gene in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 69, 31-36.
  • DARYA MOHAMMED AZEEZ, S. I. M. 2017/4/17. Molecular identification and Phylogenetic tree of some fish (Cyprinidae) in Dukan Lake, Kurdistan of Iraq. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 29, 140-145.
  • DARYA MOHAMMED AZEEZ, S. I. M. 2017/9/21. A comparative biochemical profile of some cyprinids fish in Dukan Lake, Kurdistan-Iraq. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1888.
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. & ISMAEL, H. M. 2022a. In Vitro Evaluation of Pomegranate (Punica granatum) Peel Extract against Candida krusei as an alternative agent to antifungal medicines. ZJPAS. 34(1).
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. & ISMAEL, H. M. 2022b. Isolation and Identification of Candida dubliniensis in a Patient with Cervical Vulvovaginal Candidiasis in Erbil City. Raf. J. Sci. 31(3).
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. & ISMAEL, H. M. 2023. The Efficacy of Antifungal Medications and Plant Extracts Against Candida albicans Isolated from Vulvovaginitis Women. Iraqi J of sci. 64(2).
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2024. Identification and Antifungal susceptibility of Rhodotorula mucilaginosa isolated from women patients in Erbil City-Iraq Kurdistan. Revis Bionatura. 8(3).
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2025. The First Isolation and Diagnosis of Cytobasidium slooffiae from Women Suffering from Vulvovaginitis in the City of Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq. Rafidain Journal of Science. 34(1).
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q., ISMAEL, H. M., TAHA, M. I., TOMA, F. M. & SULEMAN, S. A. 2024. First-Time Finds: Eight Rare Mushroom Species in Kurdistan's Wilderness. ZJPAS. 36(1); 82-93.
  • FAQIABDULLA, N. Q. 2013. Evaluation of Fungal Flora and Mycotoxin in Some Important Nut Products in Erbil Local Markets. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 5(6).
  • FAQIABDULLA, N. Q. 2016. Isolation and Identification of Fungi from different types of Vegetables in Erbil local markets. ZJPAS. 28(6).
  • FAQIABDULLA, N. Q. 2018a. The Effect of Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Galls of Quercus infectoria on the Growth of Some Pathogenic Fungi. ZJPAS. 30(6).
  • FAQIABDULLA, N. Q. 2018b. Some Physiological and Nutritional Factors that affect the growth of Some Fungi. ZJPAS. 30(5).
  • FATHULLA, C. N. & MAHMOOD, B. J. 2024. Stomata and Pollen Grains Studies of Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) in Iraq ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences 36, 22-27.
  • FATHULLA, C. N. & MAHMOOD2, B. J. 2023. Anatomical Study of Petiole and Leaf Parts of Gossipum Hirsutum L. in Erbil / Iraq Al-Nahrain Journal of Science  26, 24-33
  • FATHULLA, C. N., AL-DABBAGH, S. T. & AMEEN, H. D. M. 2024. A Comparative Anatomical Study of Stem and Leaves of the Genus Trigonella L. Species (Fabaceae) in North of Iraq. Al-Qadisiyah Journal of Pure Science, 29, 25-35.
  • FATHULLA, C. N., QADIR, S. A. & ABDULKERIM, S. Bryophyllum pinnatum Growth Response to Nickle Nanoparticles Foliar Spray.
  • FATHULLA, C. N., QADIR, S. A. & AMIN3, S. A. 2023. Bryophyllum pinnatum Growth Response to Nickle Nanoparticles Foliar Spray
  • GUO, J., XU, X., RASHEED, T. K., YODER, A., YU, D., LIANG, H., YI, F., HAWLEY, T., JIN, T., LING, B. & WU, Y. 2013. Genistein interferes with SDF-1- and HIV-mediated actin dynamics and inhibits HIV infection of resting CD4 T cells. Retrovirology, 10, 62.
  • HAMAAMEEN, N. O. & KHIDER, A. K. 2023. Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis in Cerebrospinal Fluid Negative Cultures using of Universal 16S rRNA Gene in Erbil City, Iraq. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 35.
  • HAMAAMEEN, N. O. & KHIDER, A. K. 2024. Traditional and molecular methods for diagnosing bacterial meningitis in Erbil city, Iraq. Baghdad Science Journal, 21, 0275-0275.
  • HAMAD, S. H., HASSAN, D. H., RASUL, K. H. & MAHMOOD, N. 2016. Histological interfaces of liver, kidney and cerebrum in male rats exposed to fluoxetine. ZANCO J Pure Appl Sci, 28, 126-135.
  • HAMADAMIN, P. S., RASUL, K. H. & AZIZ, F. M. 2017. Histopathological effects of methomyl pesticide and mobile phone electromagnetic radiation on duodenum of male albino rats. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 29, 1-12.
  • HAMID, S. F., TAHA, A. B. & ABDULWAHID, M. J. 2020. Distribution of blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, blaOXA, and blaDHA in Proteus mirabilis isolated from diabetic foot infections in Erbil, Iraq. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66, 88-94.
  • HANNA, N. S. & SHEKHA, Y. A. 2015. Using aquatic insects in water quality assessment of some branches of Greater Zab River within Erbil city, Iraqi Kurdistan Region. American International Journal of Research in Formal, Applied and Natural Sciences, 11, 18-22.
  • HASAN, L. O. & RASHEED, T. K. 2024. Association of Interleukin-12 and Interleukin-18 Polymorphisms with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Disease in Iraqi Patients. Iraqi Journal of Science, 65, 675-683. https://doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2024.65.2.8
  • HASAN, N. S., TOMA, J. J., ISMAEIL, A. S. & SHAREEF, S. A. 2024. Downregulation of Biofilm formation genes in some pathogenic bacteria by extracts from two algal genera. Baghdad Science Journal.
  • Hasan, Nishtiman & Toma, Janan & Ismaeil, Abdulilah & Shareef, Suzan & Abdulwahid, Muhsin. (2025). Downregulation of Biofilm formation genes in some pathogenic bacteria by extracts from two algal genera. 10.21123/bsj.2024.10102.
  • HASSAN, P. 2011. Detection of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori in serum by an enzyme immunoassay method. Journal of Education and Science, 24, 89.0-97.0.
  • HASSAN, P. 2011. Detection of immunoglobulin G and M antibodies to Helicobacter Pylori in serum by an enzyme immunoassay method. Journal of Education and Science, 24, 89.0-97.0.
  • HASSAN, P. A. & KHIDER, A. K. 2019. Correlation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance among clinical and soil isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iraq. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 67, 1-10.
  • HASSAN, P. A. & KHIDER, A. K. 2019. Correlation of biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance among clinical and soil isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii in Iraq. Acta Microbiologica et Immunologica Hungarica, 67, 1-10.
  • HASSAN, P. A., SAEED, C. H., RASHID, S. A., SORCHEE, S. M. & SHAREEF, S. H. 2022. Identification of Streptococcus sanguinis genes producing biofilm from gingivitis. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 68, 34-40.
  • HASSAN, P. A., SAEED, C. H., RASHID, S. A., SORCHEE, S. M. & SHAREEF, S. H. 2022. Identification of Streptococcus sanguinis genes producing biofilm from gingivitis. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 68, 34-40.
  • Hiyam Younis Taha, Abdulghani Omer Ismaeel Sarmamy "Impact of Light Intensity, Organic Fertilizer, Npk and Their Interaction on Lantana Camara L. Growth." Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences  (2023): 189-94.
  • HUSSEN, F. S. & AHMED, S. T. 2020. New data of scorpion fauna, include two new records with identification key of scorpion species (Arachnida: Scorpiones) in Iraq.
  • HUSSEN, F. S. & AHMED, S. T. 2021. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of scorpion stings in Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Pol J Environ Stud, 30, 629-634.
  • HUSSEN, F. S. 2013. Prevalence and Occurrences of Flagellated Protozoan Cryptobia helicls in Garden Snail Helix sp. American Journal of Research Communication, 1, 63-67.
  • HUSSEN, F., ERDEK, M. & YAĞMUR, E. 2023. External morphology of Hemiscorpius lepturus Peters, 1861 (Scorpiones: Hemiscorpiidae). Arthropoda Selecta, 32.
  • HUSSEN, F., KACHEL, H., HAMA, G., KACHAL, E., SLO, M., HIWIL, I. & AHMED, A. 2022. Epidemiological characterizations, new localities, and a checklist of the known scorpions in the Kurdistan Region, Northern Iraq. Journal of Arthropod-Borne Diseases, 16, 251.
  • Ibrahim Mohammed, B., Megdadi, S. and Esfahani, V.R., 2020. rs78726532 TLR3 gene polymorphism with susceptibility to hepatitis C virus infection. Personalized Medicine Journal, 5(16), pp.1-2.
  • ISHAQ, S. E., ABDULQADIR, S. Z., KHUDHUR, Z. O., OMAR, S. A., QADIR, M. K., AWLA, H. K., RASUL, M. F., BAPIR, A. A., ZANICHELLI, A., MANSOOR, M. K., KALEEM, M., RIZWAN, M. A., SMAIL, S. W. & BABAEI, E. 2021. Comparative study of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers between male and female COVID-19 patients living in Kurdistan region of Iraq. Gene Rep, 25, 101409.
  • ISHAQ, S., RASHEED, T. & SALIH, F. 2018. Immunological Evaluation of Psoriatic Patients In Erbil City/Iraq. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol 29, 59-67. https://doi.org/10.21271/ZJPAS.34.4.13.
  • ISMAEIL, A. S., TOMA, J. J., HASAN, N. S., AHMED, A. A. & ABDULWAHID, M. J. 2024. Impact of Algal Extract on Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation genes of Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 17.
  • Ismaeil, Abdulilah & Saleh, Fraidoon (2020). Attenuation of Staphylococcus Aureus By Pomegranate Peel Extracts Introduction. Journal of University of Raparin. 7. 10.26750/Vol(7).No(4).paper4.
  • Ismaeil, Abdulilah & Salih, Fraidoon. (2019). Sumac (Rhus coriaria L) as Quorum Sensing Inhibitors in Staphylococcus aureus. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology. 13. 2397-2404. 10.22207/JPAM.13.4.56.
  •  Ismaeil, Abdulilah, Janan, & Toma,  Hasan, Nishtiman,  Ahmed, Akhter & Abdulwahid, J. (2024). Impact of Algal Extract on Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation genes of Multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences. 14. 705 – 713. 10.54319/jjbs/170413.
  • Ismaeil, Abdulilah. (2011). Effect of Black Seed Alkaloids Against Some Pathogenic Bacteria. Raf. J. Sci. 22(4):9-16
  • Ismaeil, Abdulilah. (2012). Microbial Quality of Frozen Red Meat Available in Some Supermarkets in Erbil City Center. koya university.
  • Ismael, Badr Qadr, Yaseen Ahmed Rashid & Mahdi Hashim Ibrahim 2012. “Allelopathic Effects of Lisaea heterocarpa Shoot Aqueous Extracts on Growth and Development of Wheat Triticum aestivum L. and Barley Hordeum vulgare Plants”. Journal of Koya University, 25, pp. 21-25.
  • ISMAEL, H. M. & FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2015. Microbial deterioration of historical textiles and approaches for their control. patent 4182.C09D11/00. C02F1/72. D21H21/136.
  • Jamal, Daristan & Ahmed, Akhter & Ismaeil, Abdulilah. (2014). Inhibitory Effect of Breast Milk Against Pediatric Bacterial Infection. Zanko J. 23(2):51
  • JAMIL, M. & AL-ATTAR, M. S. 2022. Molecular Diagnosis of Y-Chromosome Microdeletions in Some Kurdish Infertile Males: EAA/EMQN PCR Protocol Optimization. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 34, 50-56.
  • KACHEL, H. S., AL-KHAZALI, A. M., HUSSEN, F. S. & YAĞMUR, E. A. 2021. Checklist and review of the scorpion fauna of Iraq (Arachnida: Scorpiones). Arachnologische Mitteilungen: Arachnology Letters, 61, 1-10.
  • KAKOO, A., AL-ATTAR, M. & RASHEED, T. 2022. Exonic variants in multiple myeloma patients associated with relapsed/ refractory and response to bortezomib regimens. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 29, 610-614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.09.017.
  • KAKOO, A., AL-ATTAR, M. & RASHEED, T. 2022. Exonic variants in multiple myeloma patients associated with relapsed/ refractory and response to bortezomib regimens. Saudi J Biol Sci, 29, 610-614.
  • KAKOO, A., RASHEED, T. & AL-ATTAR, M. 2021. Effect of bortezomib regimens and daratumumab monotherapy on cellular immunity in multiple myeloma patients. Iranian Journal of Immunology, 18, 119-129. https://dx.doi.org/10.22034/iji.2021.87547.1812.
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  • SMAIL, S. W., ABDULQADIR, S. Z., ALALEM, L. S. S., RASHEED, T. K., KHUDHUR, Z. O., MZURY, A. F. A., AWLA, H. K., GHAYOUR, M. B. & ABDOLMALEKI, A. 2024. Enhancing sciatic nerve regeneration with osteopontin-loaded acellular nerve allografts in rats: Effects on macrophage polarization. Tissue Cell, 88, 102379. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tice.2024.102379.
  • SMAIL, S. W., HIRMIZ, S. M., AHMED, A. A., ALBARZINJI, N., AWLA, H. K., AMIN, K. & JANSON, C. 2024b. Decoding the intricacies: a comprehensive analysis of microRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutic strategies for COVID-19. Front Med (Lausanne), 11, 1430974.
  • SMAIL, S. W., JAAFAR, A. M., ABDALFATAH, M. F., KHUDHUR, Z. O., ABDULLAH, A. M., ABDULQADIR, H. Z., IBRAHEEM, B. K., AHMAD, A. N., MOHAMMED, D. A. & AWLA, H. K. 2025. Deciphering gender disparities in laboratory biomarkers among deceased COVID-19 patients in Erbil city-Iraq: A retrospective study. Immunopathol Persa, 11, e40636-e40636.
  • SMAIL, S. W., QADIR, M. K., RAJAB, M. F., ISMAIL, I. I., TAHA, O. S., SHEKHA, M. S., KHAN, M. A. & SAFDAR, M. 2020. TGF-β1polymorphism is an inflammatory disease specifier in autism spectrum disorders? Gene Reports, 21, 100843.
  • SMAIL, S. W., SAEED, M., KHUDHUR, Z. O., YOUNUS, D. A., RAJAB, M. F., ABDULAHAD, W. H., HUSSAIN, H. I., NIAZ, K. & SAFDAR, M. 2021. Inflammation, immunity and potential target therapy of SARS-COV-2: A total scale analysis review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 150, 112087.
  • SONIA ELIA, I., TABAN KAMAL, R. & DARA, K. M. 2022. Impact of persistent antigenic challenges and splenectomy on immune cells in β-Thalassemic patients. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 34, 116-122.
  • SULAIMAN NAIF, A., TAHER, I. E., HUSSEN, F. S. & AHMED, A. I. 2019. First molecular identification of wheat seed gall nematode Anguina tritici races parasitized on wheat in Iraq. Agriculture and Environment, 11, 5-15.
  • The response of two wheat cultivars Triticum spp to cytokinin and water stress treatments and their interaction.
  • TOMA, F. M. & FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2012. Isolation, Identification, and Seasonal Distribution of Soil-Borne Fungi in Different Areas of Erbil Governorate. Journal of Advanced Laboratory Research in Biology. Volume III, Issue IV.
  • TOMA, F. M. & FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2013. Isolation and Identification of Fungi from Spices and Medicinal Plants. Research J of enviro and earth sci. 5(3).
  • TOMA, F. M., ISMAEL, H. M. & FAQI ABDULLA, N. Q. 2018. Survey and Identification of some New Record Mushrooms in Erbil Governorate Kurdistan Region-Iraq Raf. J. Sci., Special Issue for the Third Scientific Conference of Biology, 27, pp.19-32.
  • TOMA, F. M., ISMAEL, H. M. & FAQIABDULLA, N. Q. 2013. Survey and Identification of Mushrooms in Erbil Governorate. Research Journal of Environmental and Earth Sciences. 5(5): 262-266.
  • TOMA, J.J., SHEKHA, Y.A. AND AL-BARZINGY, Y.O.M., 2018. An Ecological Assessment for Water Quality of Some Water Bodies in Koysenjaq-Erbil, Iraq. Al-Nahrain Journal of Science, 21(2), pp.119-129.
  • TOMA, Y.A., S. J. J. AND AL-BARZINGY, Y.O.M., 2016. Algal Survey in Wastewater Channel of Erbil City, Iraq. University of Diyala, Academic Science Journal 12 (4-part 2)
  • WSOO, M. A. & RASUL, K. H. 2017. Epidemicity of Thyroid Gland Disorders Among Ranya Town Dwellers: A Hospital-Based Survey. ZANCO Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 29, 1-9.
  • YAGMUR, E. A., HUSSEN, F. S., KARAKURT, S., KURT, R., SIPAHIOGLU, O. & KARTAL, I. 2024. Two new species of the genus Scorpio L., 1758 from Southеastеrn Turkey (Scorpiones: Scorpionidae). ARTHROPODA SELECTA, 33, 559-581.
  • YAĞMUR, E. A., KOVAŘÍK, F., FET, V., KURT, R., HUSSEN, F. S., AL-KHAZALI, A. M., KACHEL, H. S. & AL-FANHARAWI, A. A. 2024. New records of Mesobuthus mesopotamicus (Penther, 1912) in Iraq and Mesobuthus faiki sp. nov. from Turkey (Scorpiones: Buthidae). Euscorpius, 2024, 1-22.
  • Zohair, I.F., Sarbaz, I.M., Ferhank, A.A., Sherwan, T.A., Fekry, A.K., and Kasim, F. 2015. New host record of Abbreviata baltazardi (Nematoda: Physalopteridae) from the lizard, Laudakia (Agama) nupta in Rawandoz mountains, Kurdistan Region. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology 7(3): 37-45.
  Thesis & Dissertation Titles:
  • Abdulrahman, A. S. & Mustafa, I. A. (2019). Histological Changes of Certain Organs of Male Rats Induced by an Anti-Androgen Drug (Bicalutamide). Salahadin University-Er
  • AHMED, A. A. 2000. Urinary calculi and their association with bacteria. MSC, Salahaddin University-Erbil
  • AHMED, A. A. 2019. Attenuation of Virulence Factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Recovered From Burn Wounds By Local Natural Quorum Sensing Inhi. PhD, Salahaddin University-Erbil.
  • AHMED, C.N. & HAMAD, K, Kh. Antinematodal efficacy of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract to control benzimidazole-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes: Haemonchus contortus as a paradigm. Master’s thesis.
  • ALA, J. (2013). Antibacterial profile and exotoxin A gene detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from different sources. salahaddin university-Erbile. MSc.
  • ALI, S. B. 2011. Antibacterial Effect of Plant Oil Extracts and Simvastatin Treatment of Burn Wounds Infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in Albino Rats. Salahaddin University/Erbil.
  • AMEEN, K. T. 2019. Molecular and Biological Study of Greater Wax Moth Galleria mellonella L. (M.Sc. thesis), University of Salahaddin-Hawler, Iraq.
  • Amin, S.A. and Abdul, K.S.2002. The Effect of Phosphorus and Cytokinin and their interaction on growth and development of Phaseolus vulgaris Var. contender(Msc. thesis).University of Salahaddin- Erbil, Iraq.
  • Amin, S.A. and Saadia H.M. 2007. Induction and stimulation of some phytochemicals from Hypericum perforatum L. invitro. Ph D. Dissertation . Al- Mustansiryah University , Baghdad-Iraq.
  • ASHRAF NAJEEB, K. 2010. Isolation of Bacteria from Urinary Tract Infections inErbil Hospitals and Comparison the Efficacy of Antimicrobials from Different Origins. Higher Diploma Salahddin University
  • ASHRAF NAJEEB, K. 2013. Evaluation of Adiponectin and Some Immunological Parameters in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. MS.c, Hawler Medical University
  • ASHRAF NAJEEB, K. 2022. Lymphocyte Subpopulation Profile and Whole Exome Sequencing for Kurdish Multiple Myeloma Patients in Kurdistan Region. PH.D, Salahaddin University
  • AWLA, H. K. & SALEH, L. S. 2023b. Histological Study of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) Polymorphism in Erbil Governorate. Master.
  • AZEEZ, D. M. 2015. A Comparative Hemato-Biochemical Profiles and Phylogenetic Study of Some Cyprinids in Dukan Lake, KurdistanA Comparative Hemato-Biochemical Profiles and Phylogenetic Study of Some Cyprinids in Dukan Lake, Kurdistan. masters Salahaddin University.
  • BAKR, B. K. 2011. Morphological-Systematic Study of the Genra Scandix L. and Smyrnium L. Umbelliferae (Apiaceae) In Kurdistan Region of Iraq. MSC, Salahaddin.
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2010. Isolation, Identification, and Seasonal Distribution of Soil-Borne Fungi in Different Areas of Erbil Governorate. /Erbil (M.Sc. thesis). University of Salahaddin-Hawler, Iraq.
  • FAQEABDULLA, N. Q. 2022. Molecular Identification of Candida spp. from Cervical-Vulvovaginal Candidiasis and Antibiofilm Activity of Some Plant Extracts in Erbil Province (PhD. Dissertation). University of Salahaddin-Hawler, Iraq.
  • FATHULLA, C. N. 2005. Anatomical study of different Cuscuta species. Master, Salahaddin University.
  • FATHULLA, C. N. 2013. Anatomical, palynological and molecular studies of vitaceae and leea in peninsular malaysia and some cultivars of Vitis vinifera from Iraq. PhD, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
  • HAMAAMEEN, N. O. and Hoshyar, D.F. 2013. Isolation and Identification of Yersinia species From Some Local Foods in Erbil City with Physiological Study on Yersinia enterocolitica. M.Sc., Salahaddin University.
  • HAMAAMEEN, N. O. and KHIDER, A. K. 2024. Molecular and Antibacterial Study of Bacterial Meningitis in Children Admitted to Raparin Pediatrics Teaching Hospital in Erbil City, Iraq. PhD, Salahaddin University.
  • Hiyam Younis Taha,. "Effects of Light Intensity, Organic Fertilizer, andNpk and Their Triple Interactions on Some Growth Characteristics and Quality of Lantana (Lantana Camara L.). (2023).
  • HUSSEN, F. S. 2006. Some Biological and Histological studies of Limax species in Erbil City   M.Sc., Collage of Science /Salahaddin university.
  • HUSSEN, F. S. 2021. Morphological , Molecular and Epidemiological studies on Scorpions in the Kurdistan Region-Iraq. PhD Collage of Science/ Salahaddin university -Erbil.
  • Ibrahim, M. H. & Duhoky M. S. 2006. Effects of Foliar Application of Zinc, Gibberellic Acid and their Interaction on the Growth and Development of Pepper Capsicum annuum L. plants. (MSc. Thesis). Salahaddin University-Erbil.
  • Ismaeil, Abdulilah & Hoshyar, Dana (2005). Isoloation and Identification of Some Gram Negative Bacteria from some foods with physiological study of Shigella flexneri. Salahaddin University-Erbil.
  • Ismaeil, Abdulilah & Saleh, Fraidoon (2020). The Effect of Some Natural Products on Certain Quorum Sensing Genes in Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Soft Cheese in Erbil City. Salahaddin University-Erbil.
  • Mohammed, B.I., 2015. Cloning and Optimalization of Human Recombinant USP22 short in E. coli. Salahaddin University/Erbil.
  • Mohammed, B.I., 2024. Molecular Mechanism of Butyrate Synthesis, MDM2 Expression and Drug Metabolism in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Salahaddin University/Erbil.
  • MOHAMMED, H. H. 1994. A study of population density of certain aphid species on wild plant in Erbil (M.Sc. thesis), University of Salahaddin-Hawler, Iraq.
  • Muhammed, S.H., 1994. Study of population density of some sap sucking insects on some fruit trees in Erbil (M. Sc. thesis, College of Education, University of Salahaddein-Erbil).
  • Muhammed, S.H., 2010. Bio-Ecological study and control of stink bug Apodiphus amygdali (Germar) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on some fruit trees in certain localities of Erbil. (Doctoral dissertation, College of Science, University of Salahaddein-Erbil)
  • OTHMAN, H. K. 2011. Effect of potassium and magnesium on some hemodynamic and renal related parameters in indused hypertesive rats. MSc, Salahaddin.
  • OTHMAN, H. K. 2023. Evaluation of Apelin, Chemerin and Omentin hormone levels and their reseptor activities in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus in Albino rats. PhD, Salahaddin.
  • Pakhshan, A. H. 2003. Microbiology of burn infection from patients of two emergency hospitals in Erbil, MSc, Salahaddin University, Iraq.
  • Pakhshan, A. H. 2003. Microbiology of burn infection from patients of two emergency hospitals in Erbil, MSc, Salahaddin University, Iraq.
  • Pakhshan, A. H. 2020. Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant and Carbapenem Sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Erbil City-Kurdistan Region. PhD, Salahaddin University, Iraq
  • Pakhshan, A. H. 2020. Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant and Carbapenem Sensitive Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates from Erbil City-Kurdistan Region. PhD, Salahaddin University, Iraq
  • Qasim, F. Khalid. (2005). The effects of welding fumes on pulmonary function test and some hematological parameters in Erbil City welders .[MS.c thesis]. Biology deprtment .college of science. University of Salahaddin.Erbil.Iraq.
  • RAJAB, M. F. 2018. TOMM40 genindeki (rs1160985 ve rs157581) polimorfizmi ve alzheimer hastalığıyla ilişkisi. Ankara Universitesi (Turkey).
  • RASHEED, T. K. & MAHMOUD, B. M. 1997. Incidence of Hepatitis B virus infection in children with jaundice and blood donors in Erbil. Erbil (M.Sc. thesis). University of Salahaddin-Erbil, Iraq.
  • RASHEED, T., SHNAWA, I. M. & KHAYAT, F. J. 2007. Immunological Study of Patients with Recurrent Bacterial Tonsillitis. (PhD. Dissertation). Babylon University-Hela, Iraq.
  • Rasul, K. H. & Aziz, F. M. 2011. Effects of Testosterone Derivatives (Sustanon) on Certain Organs in Male Rats (An Ultrastructural, Histological and Physiological Study). Salahaddin University-Erbil
  • Rasul, K. H., Al-Attar, M. S. & Alici, E.  2022. Enhancement of Natural Killer Cell Functions Via Adding T Cell Phenotypes and Genetic Engineering of Chimeric Receptor Single Chain Gene Constructs. Salahaddin University-Erbil & Karoliniska institutet.
  • YOM Al-BARZINGY, 1995. Phycological study within Erbil province. M. Sc Thesis, College of Science- Salahaddin University-Erbil
Sample Description
Sample Description

Academic Advising

The Department of Biology is dedicated to facilitating students' academic journeys by providing comprehensive academic advising services. These services guarantee that students receive the necessary support to achieve their educational and professional objectives while maintaining academic success.

Academic Advising Services

  1. Individualized Advising Sessions: Each student is assigned an academic advisor who provides personalized guidance specifically tailored to the student's interests, strengths, and career aspirations. Advisors also support the selection of courses, the development of academic pathways, and the resolution of educational challenges.
 
  1. Course Selection and Registration Support: Advisors assist students in selecting appropriate courses each semester to guarantee that they make rapid progress toward graduation. Registration assistance is offered to help students avoid scheduling conflicts and fulfill prerequisite requirements.
 
  1. Career Planning and Development: Academic advisors provide helpful advice concerning internships, postgraduate opportunities, and potential career paths. Graduate students may obtain guidance regarding their research interests, thesis topics, and program selection.
 
  1. Monitoring Academic Performance: Advisors evaluate student progress and offer assistance when academic obstacles arise. Students are assisted in maintaining their academic progress by implementing early intervention strategies, including tutoring recommendations and study skill seminars.
 
  1. Workshops and Seminars: Workshops are conducted regularly to improve student success, including study skills, time management, research techniques, and career development. Advisors may also arrange seminars involving guest speakers from academia, industry, and healthcare to provide students with an understanding of real-world applications of biology.
 
  1. Mentorship Programs: Senior students and alumni may assist in mentoring junior students, sharing their experiences and advice to help with academic and career decisions.

Internship Opportunities

The Department of Biology promotes professional development and practical experience by providing extensive internship opportunities. These internships allow students to gain sensible expertise in real-world environments, thereby bridging the gap between classroom learning and professional practice.

Benefits of Internships

  • Practical Skill Development: Internships allow students to apply theoretical knowledge in real-world contexts, honing their laboratory, research, and technical skills.
  • Career Exploration: Students gain insights into potential career paths, helping them make informed decisions about their professional futures.
  • Professional Networking: Internships help students connect with industry professionals, researchers, and potential employers.
  • Enhanced Employability: Work experience makes graduates more competitive in the job market, demonstrating their readiness for professional roles.
  • Academic Credit: In some cases, internships can be counted toward academic credit, enhancing the learning experience.
  Types of internship opportunities
  1. Healthcare and Medical Laboratories: Students can intern at hospital laboratories, diagnostic clinics, and medical research centers, acquiring experience in clinical research, pathology, and medical testing. The internships focus on immunology, clinical chemistry, microbiology, and hematology.
  2. Research Institutions: Opportunities are available in private laboratories, government research centers, and university-affiliated research laboratories. Students can participate in biotechnology, molecular biology, genetics, and epigenetics initiatives.
  3. Environmental Agencies: Internships with governmental agencies and environmental organizations offer practical experience in conservation biology, ecological monitoring, and ecology. It is feasible for students to engage in environmental assessments, data collection, and fieldwork.
  4. Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Companies: Quality control, drug development, and biotechnological research are among the various skills that internships in pharmaceutical and biotechnological industries provide.
  5. Food Safety and Quality Control Centers: Students can work in food laboratories and quality assurance departments, focusing on food microbiology, safety testing, and regulatory compliance.
  6. Public Health Organizations: Internships with public health agencies and NGOs allow students to engage in disease prevention programs, epidemiology, and health awareness campaigns.
  7. Educational Institutions: Teaching assistantships in schools and universities provide opportunities for students interested in science education and outreach.
 

How to Apply for Internships

  • Advising Support: Academic advisors help students identify suitable internships based on their interests and career goals.
  • Department Partnerships: The Department of Biology collaborates with various institutions and organizations to secure student internship placements.
  • Application Process: Students typically submit a resume, cover letter, and academic transcripts to the host institution. Some internships may require an interview or skills assessment.
  • Timing: Internships are usually offered during summer breaks or as part of the final-year curriculum.

Career Services

The Department of Biology is dedicated to providing comprehensive career services to assist students in their professional development. These services are intended to assist students in pursuing their career objectives, regardless of whether they intend to pursue graduate studies, enroll in the workforce, or investigate entrepreneurial opportunities. Career services provide students with the skills, resources, and insights to navigate the job market effectively.

Key Career Services Offered

  1. Career counseling and advice: Students obtain personalized career counseling sessions to assist them in identifying their strengths, interests, and potential career paths in biology, biomedical sciences, healthcare, research, and related industry sectors. Advisors offer advice on postgraduate study opportunities, career planning, and job search strategies.
  2. Workshops and Seminars: The department performs workshops and seminars on various topics, including interview preparation, networking skills, job market trends, and resume and cover letter writing.
  3. These sessions help students build confidence and gain practical knowledge for the job search process.
  4. Job Placement Assistance: The department partners with local hospitals, laboratories, research institutions, biotechnology firms, and environmental agencies to promote the connection between students and potential employers. Support for employment placement encompasses the dissemination of job postings, apprenticeship opportunities, and recruitment events.
  5. Career Fairs and Networking Events: The annual career fairs allow students to network with potential employers, receive insight into various career paths, and investigate career possibilities. Alumni, industry professionals, and faculty members are allowed opportunities to establish professional relationships through interaction at networking events.
  6. Graduate School Guidance: Supporting students who intend to be enrolled in M.Sc. or Ph.D. programs in biological sciences, including research proposal development, personal statement composition, and graduate school applications. Information sessions regarding opportunities for higher education on a local and international scale.
  7. Entrepreneurship Support: Career services offer resources on business planning, funding opportunities, and innovation in biosciences to students interested in establishing their businesses—collaboration with university entrepreneurship programs and local business incubators.

Benefits of Career Services

  • Enhanced Employability: Students with strong resumes, interview skills, and professional connections are better prepared to enter the job market.
  • Tailored Guidance: Personalized advising ensures each student receives support that is aligned with their unique goals.
  • Industry insights: exposure to current trends and expectations in biology-related careers helps students stay competitive.
  • Confidence and Readiness: Practical training and resources build confidence in students’ ability to pursue their desired careers.
Sample Description
Sample Description
Sample Description
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